References & Research Foundation (Current as of January 2025):
Federal Regulations (Currently in Effect):
U.S. Department of Education. (2021). Final regulations: Distance education and innovation. 34 C.F.R. Β§ 600.2. [Effective July 1, 2021; currently enforced]. Requires regular and substantive interaction (RSI) between instructors and students in all distance education courses. Federal compliance mandatory for Title IV eligibility.
Credit Hour Standards (Active):
Center for Innovation in Teaching & Learning (CITL), University of Illinois. (2023). Student workload estimator 2.0. Based on Carnegie Unit definition: One credit hour = minimum 45 hours total student effort per semester (including class time and outside work). Adopted standard across U.S. higher education.
Accreditation Standards (2024-2025 Cycle):
Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges (ACCJC). (2024). Distance education review rubric (2024-25 edition). Current standards for RSI compliance, course design, and workload expectations. In effect for all ACCJC-accredited institutions.
Quality Matters. (2023). Higher education rubric, 6th edition. National benchmark for online course quality, including interaction and workload standards.
Active Learning Research:
Bonwell, C. C., & Eison, J. A. (1991). Active learning: Creating excitement in the classroom. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 1. Washington, DC: George Washington University. [Foundational work; principles reaffirmed in contemporary pedagogy research 2023-2025].
Freeman, S., Eddy, S. L., McDonough, M., Smith, M. K., Okoroafor, N., Jordt, H., & Wenderoth, M. P. (2014). Active learning increases student performance in science, engineering, and mathematics. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(23), 8410-8415.
Current Institutional Implementation Guidance (2023-2025):
Ohio State University, Arts and Sciences. (2024). Regular and substantive interaction (RSI) guidance for faculty. Retrieved from https://ascode.osu.edu/resources/course-design-strategies/regular-substantive-interaction-rsi-guidance/
SUNY Empire State University. (2024). Regular and substantive interaction checklist. Retrieved from https://suny-empire.sunyempire.edu/dlis/design-your-course/regular-and-substantive-interaction/
Foothill-De Anza Community College District. (2025). RSI certification program for online faculty. Retrieved from https://www.deanza.edu/online-ed/faculty/regular_substantive_interaction.html
WCET (WICHE Cooperative for Educational Technologies). (2024). RSI resource library and compliance toolkit. Ongoing guidance for implementing federal distance education regulations.
All federal regulations, accreditation standards, and quality frameworks cited above are currently in effect and enforced as of January 2025.